This overly-stiff behavior is referred to as shear locking. For first-order fully-integrated elements, this can introduce significant error for a coarse mesh. These parasitic shear stresses result in an overly-stiff element. However, the solid element can ONLY react this load condition via shear. If a solid element in bending has a strain of +e on the top face and -e on the bottom face, the energy due to this is much less than the energy due to shearing of that same amount. One could calculate the strain at the top and bottom of a cantilever beam. Hence, the bending mode effectively can only be reacted by a shear mode in the element. If this is a fully-integrated 1st order element, the "bending" displacement plays itself out as a contraction of the bottom portion and an extension of the top portion of the element. The original and deformed configurations would look like: Let's presume I hold the left vertical face fixed and apply a bending moment to the right side: So for a single solid element in cantilever bending, Take the example which I earlier gave of the cantilever beam. This is not intended to be an exhaustive discussion, so my apologies to the hardcore solid mechanicians this is intended to explain in easiest terms this phenomenon. I was afraid my cursory response wouldn't be enough. Usually once these two items are addressed, there are far more degrees of freedom in the model than if a shell element were used.īrad RE: shell elements vasu77 (Mechanical) 2 Aug 01 10:00 One needs to make several elements through the thickness, yet still make sure that there are reasonable aspect ratios. Solid elements could work in "thin shell" structures, but you'd need several elements through the thickness. I acknowledge that this is only a cursory answer, but it is the general skeleton on which the larger discussions are built. There are several other issues which revolve around the "whys" of this question. A limited number of discrete solid elements through the thickness tends to not capture this (important) behavior well. This net couple then reacts the applied moments. Solid elements beneath the neutral axis react a compressive stress those above the neutral axis are tensile. Solid elements cannot handle bending modes directly rather they react bending my means of the normal stresses through the section. Measure your correct height by standing erect.Structures generally undergo some amount of bending.
#Aspect ratio calculator fem skin
Hold the tape lightly so as to not compress your skin.Breathe out normally and take the measurement.Measure your waist by placing the tape horizontally halfway between your lowest rib and the top of your hipbone.Place the tape measure directly on your skin.Women: Over 80 cm (approximately 31.5 inches).Men: Over 94 cm (approximately 37 inches).Waist Circumference is considered a risk factor for heart disease, irrespective of height and build, in the following cases: On the other hand, an apple shaped person carries excess abdominal fat (close to the heart, liver and kidneys) and is therefore at far greater health risk. ‘Apples’ have more fat in the waist region compared to ‘pears’.Ī pear shaped body is believed to reduce risk of diabetes, heart disease and other metabolic complications. What is your body shape? ‘APPLE’ or ‘PEAR’?Īpple shaped bodies are those with bigger waists and excess weight around the abdomen, whereas a pear shaped body is one that carries more weight around the hips with a narrower waist. Use Medindia's Waist to Height Ratio Calculator to know your body shape, waist and height measurements. The waist-height ratio indicator is equally valid for children and adults, irrespective of age, although the parameters for waist circumference, height and waist-height ratio could vary between races and ethnicities. Greater the waist circumference, the higher the morbidity and mortality from heart disease, diabetes, stroke and hypertension. Visceral fat is directly connected to strokes and heart disease. Waist circumference has a direct correlation with the risk of developing heart disease, because it measures the critical levels of fat accumulated between internal organs and the torso, that is, visceral fat. Both, however, can be used to screen possible health problems. Waist to height ratio should not be confused with the 'Waist to Hip Ratio' which is used to measure body fat distribution. Men and women should keep their waist circumference, no more than half their height. It is obtained by dividing waist size by height. Waist to height ratio is an indicator of your risks for obesity, heart disease, diabetes, stroke, and hypertension.
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